tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17325323669538864882024-03-13T19:05:20.578-07:00Blog Risma WatiBlog Risma Watihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11530301420102502680noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732532366953886488.post-84886630319451038812011-12-09T20:34:00.000-08:002011-12-09T20:34:35.454-08:00Komponen Laboratorium<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><b>Komponen Laboratorium</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun komponen – komponen laboratorium yang di butuhkan agar laboratorium tersebut standar yaitu: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.<b>Disain Laboratorium I. Tata ruang</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kebutuhan ruang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lay-out laboratorium<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Provisi Jasa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lantai<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jendela<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pintu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Meja Laboratorium<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Almari dan Laci<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Disain Laboratorium II. Pelayanan Mekanik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ventilasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lemari Asam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pencahayaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pasokan arus listrik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pasokan arus listrik darurat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pasokan Gas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pasokan air<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembuangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pasokan uap<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pasokan air distilasi dan air demineralisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pipa Gas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perencanaan keamanan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">m.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dekorasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Alokasi lantai untuk berbagai peralatan berbeda<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Disain Laboratorium III. Fasilitas Pendukung<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fasilitas Pencucian Peralatan Gelas dan Sterilisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Laboratorium radioaktif<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Unit fotografi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ruangan Dingin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ruangan Panas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kandang Hewan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Unit reprografis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bengkel Laboratorium<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bengkel Peniup Gelas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. <b>Anggaran Laboratorium : Pembelanjaan dan control finansial</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber pendapatan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembelanjaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Peralatan besar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahan habis pakai<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prosedur pemesanan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembelian dengan perhatian khusus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Racun<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Impor bahan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembelian hewan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahan Radio aktif<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pemotongan Biaya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. Administrasi Laboratorium<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Informasi Teknis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sistem Data<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sistem Indeks<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Klasifikasi Dewey<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dokumentasi Laboratorium dan Penyimpanan Catatan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fasilitas Peralatan Kantor<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengambilan Keputusan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Memburu informasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertemuan staf, komisi dan seterusnya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6. Tata Aliran Kerja : Manajemen Pergudangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Filosofi Gudang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Manajemen Penyimpanan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Desain dan perencanaan gudang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penyimpanan Bahan Kimia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penyimpanan Bahan Berbahaya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penyimpanan Peralatan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penyimpanan Alat lain-lain<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dokumentasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7. Perawatan Peralatan Laboratorium<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perencanaan Perawatan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Inspeksi seputar laboratoriumn dan peralatan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penggantian peralatan laboratorium<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembersihan lingkungan laboratorium<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dekorasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perbaikan Gudang dan renovasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8. Pengelolaan Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>Blog Risma Watihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11530301420102502680noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732532366953886488.post-69406178563232637002011-12-09T20:29:00.000-08:002011-12-09T20:29:10.956-08:00RENCANA PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">LARUTAN PENYANGGA <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">dengan pembelajaran inquiry<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span lang="FI">Mata Pelajaran : Kimia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Kelas / Semester : XI / II<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Standar Kompetensi : </span><span lang="SV">4. Memahami sifat-sifat larutan asam-basa, metode pengukuran dan terapannya.</span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="ww" style="margin-left: 135.0pt; text-indent: -135.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kompetensi dasar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">4.3 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mendeskripsikan sifat larutan penyangga dan peranan larutan penyangga </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dalam tubuh makhluk hidup</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="ww" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.6pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I. Indikator: </span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Menganalisis larutan penyangga dan bukan penyangga melalui percobaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menghitung pH larutan penyangga.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menghitung pH larutan penyangga dengan penambahan sedikit asam atau sedikit basa atau dengan poengenceran.</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menjelaskan fungsi larutan penyangga dalam tubuh mahluk hidup</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="ww" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.6pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">II. Tujuan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 13.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Siswa dapat,</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Dapat membedakan larutan penyangga dan bukan penyangga berdasarkan percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Menjelaskan komponen dan cara kerja larutan penyangga <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Dapat menghitung PH dan POH<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Menjelaskan fungsi larutan penyangga dalam tubuh mahkluk hidup.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">III. Materi Ajar: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: 4.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Sifat, komponen, cara kerja dan PH larutan penyangga.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: 4.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Fuingsi larutan penyangga <span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">IV. Metode pendekatan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN">Penyampaian informasi<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Percobaan dan diskusi<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Penugasan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Alokasi Waktu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">2 Jam Pelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">VI.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Skenario Pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt;"><b><u><span lang="IN">Pertemuan </span></u></b><span lang="IN">(2 jam pelajaran)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span lang="IN">Materi ajar:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Sifat, komponen, cara kerja dan PH larutan penyangga.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span lang="IN">Kegiatan awal (10 menit)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Salam pembuka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Memeriksa kehadiran siswa/membagi kelompok/ 4</span>- 5 orang secara acak.<span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Kegiatan Inti/Langkah-langkah SPBM (65 menit)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Merumuskan Masalah (20 menit)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN">Kepada tiap kelompok siswa diberikan bahan-bahan dan alat kimia serta prosedur kerja yang akan dilakukan kemudian siswa melakukan percobaan berdasarkan prosedur kerja yang telah diberikan dan mencatat hasil yang diamati.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN">Dari hasil pengamatan siswa </span>di harapkan dapat mendefinisikan larutan penyangga, sifat- sifat serta perubahan PH nya. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN">Prosedur kerja TERLAMPIR<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Menganalisis Masalah (10 menit)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN">Dari hasil pengamatan yang telah dilakukan siswa menganalisis sebab-sebab terjadinya masalah. Dalam hal ini menganalisis</span> perubahan PH larutan penyangga pada penambahan sedikit asam atau basa.<span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Merumuskan Hipotesis (5 menit)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN">Siswa mendiskusikan masalah yang ada dan merumuskan hipotesis tentang masalah tersebut. Dalam hal ini misalnya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">siswa m</span>enduga terjadinya larutan penyangga karena terjadinya kesetimbangan setelah penambahan sedikit asam atau basa sehingga ion H<sup>+ </sup>dan OH<sup>- </sup>dapt di pertahankan.<span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Mengumpulkan Data (10 menit)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN">Siswa mencatat </span>perubahan PH yang terjadi setelah penambahan sedikit asam atau basa <span lang="IN">data pengamatan yang mendukung hipotesisnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Menguji Hipotesis (10 menit)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN">Siswa menelaah data dan membahasnya untuk melihat hubungannya dengan masalah yang </span>di bahas <span lang="IN">. Dalam hal ini melakukan</span> percobaan dan <span lang="IN"> kajian</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">teoritis dari</span> berbagai <span lang="IN"> buku teks</span> yang mendukung.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><br />
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</div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Menentukan pilihan Penyelesaian/ Kesimpulan (10 menit)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN">Siswa membuat kesimpulan dari data hasil pengamatan hubungannya dengan tinjauan teoritis. Dalam hal ini siswa menyimpulkan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pada larutan penyangga asam <span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">Penambahan asam (H <sup>+</sup>) akan menggeser kesetimbangan ke kiri.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">Jika yang di tambahkan adalah basa, maka ion OH<sup>- </sup>dari basa itu akan bereaksi dengan ion H<sup>+</sup> membentuk air ini menyebabkan kesetimbangan bergeser ke kanan sehingga konsentrasi ion H<sup>+ </sup>dapat di pertahankan.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Pada larutan penyangga basa <span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">Jika ke dalam larutan di tambahakan suatu asam, maka ion H<sup>+ </sup>dari asam itu akan mengikat ion OH<sup>- </sup>menyebabkan kesetimbangan bergeser ke kanan.Sehingga konsentrasi ion OH<sup>-</sup> dapat di pertahankan. Dan sebaliknya. <span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span lang="IN">Kegiatan Akhir (15 menit)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Menyimpulkan pengaruh</span> panambahan sedikit asam dan basa pada larutan penyangga.<span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Menugaskan siswa untuk me</span>ngerjakan tugas LKS di rumah <b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="IN">Alat / Bahan / Sumber Belajar <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Buku Kimia; LKS, multimedia, laboratorium.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="IN">Penilaian</span></b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Lampiran<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN">Prosedur Kerja</span></div><div class="MsoNormal">Larutan penyangga </div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Tujuan:</b> Mempelajari sifat larutan penyangga dan bukan penyangga pada penambahan sedikit asam, basa atau pengenceran.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Cara kerja</b> :</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Dengan menggunakan indicator universal, ukur PH larutan NaCl 0,1 M.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Siapkan 3 gelas kimia 100 ml. Isi masing – masing dengan 10 ml larutan NaCl 0,1 M, kemudian:</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -108.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ke dalam gelas kimia 1 di tambahkan 1 ml larutan HCl0,1M.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -108.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kedalam gelas kimia 2 di tambahkam larutan NaOH 0,1 M.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -108.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kedalam gelas kimia ke 3 tambahkan 10 ml akuades.Ukur PH larutan tersebut. </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Campurkan 25 ml larutan CH<sub>3</sub>COOH 0,1 m dan 25 ml larutan NaCH<sub>2</sub>COO 0,1 M dalam sebuah gelas kimia. Ukur PH larutan tersebut.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Siapkan 3 gelas kimia yang bersih. Isi masing – masing gelas kimia dengan 10 ml larutan dari prosedur ( 3). Kemudian :</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -108.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ke dalam gelas kimia 1 tambahkan 1 ml larutan HCl 0,1 M.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -108.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ke dalam gelas kimia 2 tambahkan 1 ml larutan NaOH 0,1 M</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -108.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ke dalam gelas kimia 3 tambahkan 10 ml akuades.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">Ukur PH ketiga larutan tersebut. </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]--> Campurkan 25 ml larutan NH<sub>3 </sub>0,1 M dan 25 ml larutan NH<sub>4</sub>Cl 0,1 M dalam sebuah gelas kimia. Ukur PH larutan tersebut.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Siapkan 3 gelas kimia yang bersuh . Isi masing – masing gelas kimia dengan 10 ml larutan dari prosudur (5). Kemudian:</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; mso-text-indent-alt: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ke dalam gelas kimia 1 tambahkan 1 ml larutan HCl 0,1 M.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; mso-text-indent-alt: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ke dalam gelas kimia 2 tambahkan 1 ml larutan NaOH 0,1 M</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; mso-text-indent-alt: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ke dalam gelas kimia 3 tambahkan 10 ml akuades.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"> Ukur PH ketiga larutan tersebut. </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Buatlah kesimpulan.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">Analiisis Data/pertanyaan </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo2; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Diantara larutan yang di uji, manakah yang bersifat penyangga ( buffer).</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo2; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Simpulkanlah sifat – sifat larutan penyangga.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
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</div>Blog Risma Watihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11530301420102502680noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732532366953886488.post-79888283800169449242011-12-09T20:21:00.000-08:002011-12-09T20:21:39.392-08:00EFEKTIFITAS MEDIA GAMBAR DALAM PEMBELAJARAN IPA SD<pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Pendidikan dan pembelajaran pada hakekatnya merupakan usaha sadar untuk mengembangkan kepribadian dan kemampuan manusia dengan maksud membantu peserta didik mencapai pemahaman dan kedewasaan.Di sisi lain, pendidikan adalah suatu upaya menuju kearah perbaikan hidup dan kehidupan manusia yang lebih baik. Untuk itu pendidikan berlangsung tanpa awal dan akhir atau tanpa ada batas ruang dan waktu tertentu sepanjang hayat, istilah lain di sebut life long education (pendidikan sepanjang hidup).</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Begitu luas dan kompleksnya pengertian pendidikan tersebut, kata Sukadianto (2002), pendidikan harus didekati dengan model sistem input-proses-output (SIPO). Lewat pendekatan SIPO dapat diuraikan segala permasalahan yang terjadi secara cepat, tepat, dan teliti. Pendekatan SIPO memandang, agar diperoleh output yang bermutu, yang perlu diperhatikan tidak hanya inputnya melainkan harus memusatkan perhatian pada proses. Dengan perhatian yang serius pada komponen proses, akan sangat menentukan kualitas output pendidikan. Logikanya apabila prosesnya di jalankan dengan bagus maka suatu kemustahilan hasinya tidaka akan bagus.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Pembelajaran IPA merupakan cabang dari ilmu sains yang tentunya dalam proses penyampaian tidak luput dari proses pengamatan sesuai dengan pendapat carin (1993 :3 ) yang mendefinisikan science sebagai the activity of questioning and exploring the universe and finding and expressing it’s hidden order, yaitu “suatu kegiatan berupa pertanyaan dan penyelidikan alam semerta dan penemuan serta pengungkapan serangkaian rahasia alam” Sains mengandung makna pengajuan pertanyaan, pencarian jawaban, pemahaman jawaban, penyempurnaan jawaban baik tentang gejala maupun karakteristik alam sekitar melalui cara – cara sistematis (Depdiknas, 2002a :1)</span><span lang="EN-GB">
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Belajar sains tidak sekedar belajar informasi sains tentang fakta, konsep, prinsip, hukum dalam wujud ‘pengetahuan deklaratif’, akan tetapi belajar sains juga belajar tentang cara memperoleh informasi sains, cara sains dan teknologi bekerja dalam bentuk pengetahuan prosedural, termasuk kebiasaan bekerja ilmiah dengan metode ilmiah dan sikap ilmiah. Pembeljaran sains di mulai dari usia dini yaitu usia TK dan SD, dimana dalam proses penyajian materinya harus di sajikan dengan tampilan media yang menarik agar para peserta didik tertarik belajar sains </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">karena pengajaran yang tidak memperhatikan aspek teori pembelajaran tidak menyebabkan peserta didik belajar </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">sehingga pesan yang di sampaikan dalam proses pembelajaran dapat di tangkap oleh peserta didik dengan mudah. Karena pada dasarnya usia anak SD susah belajar dengan pembahasan yang abstrak mereka lebih efektif dengan mencontohkan yang konkrit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Setiap Jenjang pendidikan tentunya mempunyai tujuan serta kurikulum yang jelas tentang pencapaian materi yang akan dicapai dalam pencapaian tujuan pendidikan selaku pendidik tidak cukup hanya mengandalkan modal ceramah saja karena tidak semua materi pembelajaran dapat di ceramahkan melainkan harus di dukung oleh media lain sehingga tujuan dapat tercapai secara efektif dan efisien. Salah satu materi pembahasan di sekolah dasar misanya tentang <b>Mahkluk hidup dan proses kehidupan</b> dimana dalam materi ini banyak guru mengalami kesulitan dalam menyampaikan pesan pembelajaran tanpa media karena pembelajaran ini membutuhkan aplikasi langsung sehingga dampaknya pada anak didik bisa di rasakan dalam kehidupan sehari – hari. Oleh karena itu makalah sederhana ini akan mencoba membahas tentang pentingnya media dalam pembelajaran IPA di SD. Salah satu contoh pokok bahasan yang efektif menggunakan media yaitu pada pembahasan masalah mahkluk hidup serta lingkungan sekitarnya, dimana dalam pokok bahasann ini target utama agar para siswa mengetahui cara merawat tubuh dan lingkungan yang sehat.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pokok pembahasan : Mahkluk hidup dan proses kehidupan <o:p></o:p></span></b></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelas / semester : 1/ I.<o:p></o:p></span></b></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Standar kompetensi : Mengenal anggota tubuh dan kegunaanya serta cara perawatannya <o:p></o:p></span></b></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kompetensi Dasar :<o:p></o:p></span></b></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -162.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Mengenal bagian – bagian tubuh dan kegunaanya serta cara perawatanya<o:p></o:p></span></b></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -162.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Mengidentifikasi kebutuhan tubuh agar tumbuh sehat.<o:p></o:p></span></b></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -162.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Membiasakan hidup sehat<o:p></o:p></span></b></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -162.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Mengenal cara memelihara lingkungan agar tetap sehat.<o:p></o:p></span></b></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -162.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Mengenal cara menjaga lingkungan agar tetap sehat<o:p></o:p></span></b></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -162.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>VI.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Membedakan lingkungan sehat dengan lingkungan tidak sehat<o:p></o:p></span></b></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -162.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>VII.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Menceritakan perlunya merawat tanaman, hewan <o:p></o:p></span></b></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 162.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">peliharaan dan lingkungan sekitar.<o:p></o:p></span></b></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 162.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tinjauan teori<o:p></o:p></span></b></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kata<b> </b>media berasal dari bahasa latin dan merupakan bentuk jamak dari kata medium yang secara harfiah berarti perantara atau pengantar. Menurut pendapat para ahli dalam Miarso (1984:47) mereka sependapat bahwa : <o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.75pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Media merupakan wadah dari pesan yang oleh sumber atau penyalurnya ingin di teruskan kepada sasaran atau penerima pesan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.75pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahwa materi yang ingin di sampaikan adalah pesan pembelajaran dan bahwa tujuan yang ingin di capai adalah terjadinya proses belajar. Bila karena satu dan lain hal media tersebut tidak dapat menjalankan fungsinya sebagai penyalur pesan yang di harapkan maka ia tidak efektif dalam arti tidak mampu mengkomunikasikan isi pesan yang ingin di sampaikan oleh sumber kepada sasaran yang ingin di capainya. Oleh karena itu dalam mendesain pesan unbuk suatu media, harus di perhatikan cirri- ciri atau karakteristik dari sasaran / penerima pesan (umur , latar belakang social budaya, pendidikan serta kondisi belajar yaitu factor – factor yang dapat merangsang / mempengaruhi timbulnya kegiatan belajar mengajar. <o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut<b><i> B.J Enright (1972) pula, “media ialah ikhtiar-ikhtiar untuk memperolehi, memproses atau menyusun kembali maklumat pandang dan dengar atau gabungan maklumat pandang dan dengar dengan cara grafik, fotografik, elekronik ataupun cara mekanik”.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></pre><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jadi fungsi media ialah untuk memperolehi, memproses atau menyusun kembali maklumat pandang dan dengar ataupun gabungan dua jenis maklumat ini. <b><i>Yusuf Hashim (1997) menyatakan bahawa “media pengajaran yang biasa digunakan dalam pengajaran dan latihan terbahagi kepada delapan yaitu:<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Media tayang kaku (transparensi, slaid, mikrofilm dll)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Media tayang gerak (video, filem, cakera dll)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Grafik (lukisan, poster, kartun dll)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gambar kaku (gambar foto, poskad dll)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Media pameran (model, boneka, diorama dll)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Media paparan (papan kapur, papan flanel, papan berita dll)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Media audio (tutur, pita audio, t dll)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Media cetak (modul pengajaran, buku teks,, majalah dll)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dari beberapa pengelompokan media bahwa belum terdapat kesepakatan tentang taksonomi media yang mencakup segala aspek dan berlaku umum karena setiap media mempunyai kelebihan dan kelemahan dengan perkataan lain tidak ada satu media yang mengatasi media lainnya dalam segala aspeknya, sehingga dapat menggantikan segala bentuk media yang lain karena itu perlu di fahami cirri atau karakteristik masing – masing media, pengenalan akan jenis dan karakteristik media ini akan merupakan salah satu factor dalam penentuan atau pemilhan media.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3 style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fungsi Media<o:p></o:p></span></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Membuat Pengajaran Lebih Tersusun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mengikut pendekatan sistem, media adalah satu komponen dalam pembentukan pengajaran. Untuk memuatkan media dalam pengajaran, guru perlu merancang dengan sistematik terlebih dahulu supaya pengajaran lebih tersusun. Berdasarkan pendekatan sistem juga peranan media dikaji, dilaksanakan, dinilai dan kemudian disempurnakan mengikut keperluan penuntut dan objektif pembelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Membuka wawasan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Berbagai media yang didapati,dari segi pembelajaran memang membuka wawasan seperti TV pendidikan dan radio, filem, slaid dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pembelajaran Menjadi Lebih konkrit <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sesuatu permasalahan yang perlu dipelajari tetapi bersifat abstrak bisa di tampilkan melalui anak – anak di dalam kelas. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Memperkayakan pengalaman<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Media seperti filem boleh memperkayakan pengalaman murid. Jika murid di negara ini tidak pernah melihat salju, satu film yang ditayangkan menunjukkan salju serta proses terbentuknya akan menambah pengalaman murid, seolah-olah murid sendiri mengalami suasana seperti itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pembelajaran Lebih bermakna <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pembelajaran berhasil apabila terdapat perubahan tingkahlaku. Dengan melihat film, televisi dan media lain pelajar akan terangsang untuk belajar. Oleh karena semangat melihat atau mendengar media pengajaran tersebut, perubahan tingkahlaku murid akan lebih mudah terjadi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengajaran Lebih Bersifat Individu<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jika pengajaran dirancang dengan teratur dan rapi, guru tidak perlu berhadapan dengan semua murid pada setiap waktu. Pembelajaran bisa berjalan secara individu mengikuti kemampuan dan kecepatan siswa sendiri untuk menyelesaikan sesuatu unit pembelajaran. Murid tidak perlu menggu guru untuk belajar karena isi pelajaran telah disusun oleh guru mengikuti tahap kemampuan siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Klasifikasi media <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Untuk keperluan pengklasifikasian media itu pertama yang harus diketahui “ sifat umum apa yang di miliki ploh berbagai media seperti buku, slide rekaman audio yang orang mengenalinya sebagai bentuk? Jawabannya terletak pada fungsinya yaitu apa yang di lakukan dan bagaimana cara melakukanya. Semuanya menyampaikan pesan yang di susun dalam bentuk informasi audio visual yang dasar maupun lebih.Menurut Rudi Brezt ada lima bentuk dasar informasi yaitu gambar, grafik garis,suara dan gerakan. Menurut bentuk informasi yang di gunakan kita dapat mengklasifikasikan media penyaji dalam lima kelompok besar yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Media visual diam, media visual gerak,media audio, media audio visual diam, media audio visual gerak dengan menganalisismedia melalui bentuk penyajian dan cara penyajiannyan dapat di klasifikasikan tujuh kelompok media penyaji yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Grafis, bahan cetak dan gambar diam.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Media proyeksi diam.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Media audio<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Media gambar hidup / film<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Media televisi<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Multi media<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tentunya masing – masing kelompok media ini mempunyai kelebihan dan kelemahan tersendiri. Adapun kelebihan dari media gambar diam yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dibandingkan dengan grafis, media foto ini lebih konkrit<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dapat menunjukkan perbandingan yang tepat dari objek yang sebenarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pembuatannya mudah dan harganya murah.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kelemahan dari media gambar diam yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Biasanya ukurannya terbatas sehingga kurang efektif untuk pembelajaran dalam kelompok besar.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perbandingan yang kurang tepat dari suatu objek akan meninbulkan kesalahan persepsi.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Adapun media gambar dalam menjelaskan <o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengenal anggota tubuh dan kegunaan serta perawatannya.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengenal cara memelihara lingkungan agar tetap sehat.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></pre><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--> <b>Melestarikan lingkungan dengan penghijauan <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4"
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text-align:left;margin-left:31.65pt;margin-top:6.45pt;width:292.35pt;height:180.75pt;
z-index:3;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\server\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--> </div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="9" width="42"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td></td> <td><img height="241" src="file:///C:/Users/server/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="390" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 339.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--> </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 339.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 339.75pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 339.75pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3"
o:spid="_x0000_s1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:24.35pt;margin-top:10.9pt;width:290.1pt;height:188.9pt;
z-index:2;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\server\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--> </div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="14" width="32"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td></td> <td><img height="252" src="file:///C:/Users/server/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="387" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 251.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--> </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7"
o:spid="_x0000_s1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:37.1pt;margin-top:6.8pt;width:295.35pt;height:175.35pt;
z-index:6;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\server\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--> </div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="9" width="49"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td></td> <td><img height="234" src="file:///C:/Users/server/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7" width="394" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--> Contoh makanan sehat</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_6"
o:spid="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:37.1pt;margin-top:4.9pt;width:295.8pt;height:188.9pt;
z-index:5;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\server\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--> </div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="6" width="50"></td> </tr>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--> </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--> Menjaga kesehatan dengan sikat gigi</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5"
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</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 94.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--> <b>Menjaga kesehatan dengan menyikat gigi<o:p></o:p></b></div><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Daftar pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <o:p></o:p></span></pre><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arikunto, Suharsimi, (2006), <i>Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik (Edisi Revisi VI)</i>, Penerbit Rineka Cipta, Jakarta. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eka, Erdina, (2008), <i>Efektifitas Media Grafis Dalam Peningkatan Prestasi Belajar Siswa Pada Pokok Bahasan Pencemaran Lingkungan Di SMA</i>, Skripsi, FMIPA, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harmi, Sri, (2007), <i>Jendela IPA Lingkungan Dan Alam Sekitar Untuk Kelas V SD Dan MI Semester 1</i>, Penerbit PT Tiga Serangkai Pustaka Mandiri, Solo. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harmi, Sri, (2007), <i>Jendela IPA Lingkungan Dan Alam Sekitar Untuk Kelas V SD Dan MI Semester 2</i>, Penerbit PT Tiga Serangkai Pustaka Mandiri, Solo. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibayati, Yayat, dkk., (2008), <i>Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam SD Dan MI Kelas VI</i>, Penerbit Pusat Perbukuan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Jakarta. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Miarso, Yusufhadi, (1984), Teknologi Komunikasi Pendidikan pengertian dan penerapannya dinindonesia, Pustekkom Dikbud dan CV Rajawali. Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Blog Risma Watihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11530301420102502680noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732532366953886488.post-76043835429648808972011-12-09T20:18:00.000-08:002011-12-09T20:18:29.460-08:00ANALISIS KONSEP KIMIA SMA KELAS XI<div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN"> MATERI POKOK : </span>LARUTAN PENYANGGA <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.1pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">No<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.15pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Label Konsep<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.8pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Defenisi Konsep<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.55pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Jenis Konsep<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Atribut Konsep<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.9pt;" valign="top" width="87"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.05pt;" valign="top" width="87"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Kedudukan Konsep<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.35pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.95pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Contoh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.95pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Non Contoh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.1pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.15pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.8pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.55pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Atribut Kritis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.9pt;" valign="top" width="87"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Atribut Variabel<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.05pt;" valign="top" width="87"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Sub Ordinat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Koordinat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.35pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Super Koordinat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.95pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.95pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.1pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.15pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Larutan penyangga <o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.8pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Larutan yang dapat mempertahankan PH<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.55pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN">Konsep </span>yang menyangkut prinsip<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Mempertahankan PH<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.9pt;" valign="top" width="87"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Jenis PH <o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.05pt;" valign="top" width="87"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Reaksi asam basa<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> -<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.35pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Penentuan penyangga asam basa<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.95pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.95pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.1pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.15pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Penyangga asam<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.8pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Larutan yang mengandung suatu asam lemah, dan basa konjugasiny <o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.55pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN">Konsep ya</span>ng menyangkut prinsip<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Asam lemah<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Basa konjugasi<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.9pt;" valign="top" width="87"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Jenis asam basa <o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.05pt;" valign="top" width="87"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Tetapan ionisasi asam,mol asam lemah,mol basa konjugasi<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Penyangga basa <o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.35pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Penentuan besarnya PH<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.95pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">CH<sub>3</sub>COOH +NaCH<sub>3</sub>COOH<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.95pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">HCl<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 69.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 69.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.1pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.15pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN"> </span>Penyangga<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">basa <o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.8pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> Larutan yang mengandung suatu basa lemah, dan asam konjugasiny<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.55pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN">Konsep </span>yang menyangkut prinsip<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Basa lemah<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Asam konjugasi <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.9pt;" valign="top" width="87"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Jenis asam basa<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.05pt;" valign="top" width="87"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Ionisasi basa, mol basa lemah,mol asam konjugasi<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Penyangga<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">asam<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.35pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Penentuan besarnya POH<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.95pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">NH<sub>3 +</sub>NH<sub>4</sub>Cl<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.95pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">NaCl<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 96.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 96.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.1pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 96.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.15pt;" valign="top" width="111"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Pembuatan larutan penyangga <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 96.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.8pt;" valign="top" width="121"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> Campuran antara asam lemah dengan basa kuat yang berasal dari garamnya atau sebaliknya <o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 96.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.55pt;" valign="top" width="89"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN">Konsep </span> yang kongkrit<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 96.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Asam lemah basa kuat, asam kuat basa lemah<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 96.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.9pt;" valign="top" width="87"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Jenis asam basa <o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 96.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.05pt;" valign="top" width="87"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Pembuatan penyangga <o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 96.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.25pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> -<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 96.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.35pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Larutan penyangga<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 96.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.95pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">NaOH<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">HCl<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 96.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.95pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>Blog Risma Watihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11530301420102502680noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732532366953886488.post-49085380466117778392011-12-09T20:14:00.000-08:002011-12-09T20:14:50.772-08:00Tugas Blog Risna Wati<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">FILSAFAT PENDIDIKAN SAINS</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Manusia dituntut untuk bisa lebih bijak dalam menyikapi hidupnya. Begitu pun dalam segala tindakan. Untuk itu, seseorang harus mampu mendefinisikan dirinya secara utuh, seimbang dan <i>sinergis</i>. Artinya, seorang manusia harus mampu memaknai hakikat dirinya sebagai manusia dan segala apa yang ada pada dirinya secara integral (`adil). Dia dituntut untuk dapat menyeimbangkan peranannya sebagai makhluq Tuhan dan peranannya sebagai makhluq sosial. Setelah itu, tentulah sedikit demi sedikit kualitas dirinya akan mulai terbangun.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Manusia memiliki makna dan peran yang kompleks pada dirinya. Manusia selain adalah <i>makhluq</i> dalam artian sebagai ciptaan, juga diartikan sebagai <i>homo socious </i>(memiliki peranan dalam ber-sosial)<i>.</i> Manusia sebagai ciptaan berkewajiban mengikuti apa yang menjadi keinginan, tuntutan, dan kehendak Sang Penciptanya. Seorang manusia akan baik di hadapan-Nya ketika mampu mengikuti norma-norma yang telah digariskan oleh-Nya. Manusia dalam peranannya sebagai <i>homo socious</i> senantiasa berinteraksi dengan individu lainnya. Artinya, tidak dapat dipungkiri akan adanya <i>etika</i> dan <i>estetika</i> yang harus dijalankannya. Seseorang akan dianggap baik oleh masyarakat/komunitasnya ketika menjalankan norma-norma yang berlaku sekaligus menghormati dan mengindahkan etika dan estetika yang ada.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fiche mengemukakan bahwa segala sesuatu yang lain (selain ruh) yang rupanya ada dan hidup hanyalah suatu jenis perumpamaan, pe</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ubahan atau penjelmaan dari ruh (<i>Gazalba</i>, 1992: 288). Dasar ini ialah bahwa ruh itu lebih berharga, lebih tinggi nilainya daripada meteri. Hal ini mereka buktikan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, yang mana betapapun kita mencintai seseorang jika ruhnya pisah dengan badannya, maka materi/jasadnya tidak ada artinya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat berpandangan bahwa hakikat manusia ialah manusia itu merupakan berkaitan antara badan dan ruh. Islam secara tegas mengatakan bahwa badan dan ruh adalah subtansi alam, sedangkan alam adalah makhluk dan keduanya diciptakan oleh Allah, dijelaskan bahwa proses perkembangan dan pertumbuhan manusia menurut hukum alam material. Pendirian Islam bahwa manusia terdiri dari subtansi, yaitu meteri dari ilmu dan ruh yang berasal dari Tuhan, maka hakikat pada manusia adalah ruh sedangkan jasadnya hanyalah alat yang dipergunakan oleh ruh saja, tanpa kedua subtansi tersebut tidak dapat dikatakan manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hati nurani akan menjadi pembimbing terhadap apa yang harus ditempuh dan apa yang harus diperbuat. Artinya setiap manusia sebenarnya telah memiliki sebuah radar hati sebagai pembimbingnya. Oleh karena itu memegang teguh kata hati nurani merupakan tantangan hidup yang perlu dikembangkan dalam menghadapi perubahan kehidupan yang demikian cepat dan dinamis dewasa ini (Agustian A. G : 2000).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia dilengkapi dengan kedua unsur yang disebut unsur jasmani dan rohani, namun diri yang sebenarnya terdapat pada unsur rohani. Sehingga Sukidi (2004) memandang manusia yang berkualitas dalam tiga tingkat kecerdasan, yaitu kecerdasan intelektual (IQ), kecerdasan emosional (EQ) dan kecerdasan spiritual (SQ). Tetapi kecerdasan spiritual lebih memberikan pengaruh yang berarti terhadap tingkat kualitas manusia. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suparlan memberikan gambaran bahwa manusia adalah makhluk yang unik yang memiliki daya cipta, rasa dan karsa. Dengan berbekal daya cipta, rasa dan karsa tersebut manusia mengenal dunia sekelilingnya dan dapat mengenali dirinya sendiri. Dengan potensi akal pikiran menusia mengatasi persoalan kehidupannya secara matematis menurut azas-azas penalaran deduktif dan induktif. Dengan potensi rasa manusia mengatasi persoalan kehidupannya dengan pendekatan estetika menurut azas-azas perimbangan. Dengan potensi karsa manusia mengatasi persoalan kehidupannya melalui pendekatan perilaku menurut azas-azas etika. Melalui ketiga cara ini manusia menemukan nilai-nilai kebenaran. Ketiganya dipedomani untuk dapat berkehidupan secara berkualitas. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jalaluddin (2003) menjelaskan bahwa manusia memiliki dimensi; hakikat penciptaan, tauhid, moral, perbedaan individu,sosial,dan ruang dan waktu. Secara lebih jelas, keistimewaan dan kelebihan manusia, diantaranya berbentuk daya dan bakat sebagai potensi yang memiliki peluang begitu besar untuk dikembangkan. Dalam kaitan dengan pertumbuhan fisiknya, manusia dilengkapi dengan potensi berupa kekuatan fisik, fungsi organ tubuh dan panca indera. Kemudian dari aspek mental, manusia dilengkapi dengan potensi akal, bakat, fantasi maupun gagasan. Potensi ini dapat mengantarkan manusia memiliki peluang untuk bisa menguasai serta mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, dan sekaligus menempatkannya sebagai makhluk berbudaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan antara manusia dengan pendidikan diawali dari pertanyaan: "apakah manusia dapat dididik?. Ataukah manusia dapat bertumbuh dan berkembang sendiri menjadi dewasa tanpa perlu dididik? Kedua pertanyaan itu sejak lama telah menjadi bahan kajian para ahli didik barat, yaitu sejak zaman Yunani kuno. Pendapat yang umumnya dikenal dalam pendidikan Barat mengenai mungkin tidaknya manusia dididik terangkum dalam tiga aliran filsafat pendidikan. Aliran-aliran tersebut adalah nativisme, empirisme, dan kovergensi. Menurut nativisme, manusia tidak perlu dididik, sebab perkembangan manusia sepenuhnya oleh bakat yang secara alami sudah ada pada dirinya. Sedangkan menurut penganut empirisme adalah sebaliknya, perkembangan dan pertumbuhan manusia sepenuhnya ditentukan oleh lingkungannya. Dengan demikian aliran ini memandang pendidikan berperan penting dan sangat menentukan arah perkembangan manusia (Jalaluddin dan Ali Ahmad Zen, 1996).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia pada hakikatnya diciptakan untuk mengemban tugas-tugas pengabdian kepada Penciptanya. Agar tugas-tugas dimaksud dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik, maka Sang Pencipta telah menganugerahkan manusia seperangkat potensi yang dapat ditumbuhkembangkan. Potensi yang siap pakai tersebut dianugerahkan dalam bentuk kemampuan dasar, yang hanya mungkin berkembang secara optimal melalui bimbingan dan arahan yang sejalan dengan petunjuk Sang Penciptanya. Mengacu kepada prinsip penciptaan ini maka menurut filsafat pendidikan Islam manusia adalah makhluk yang berpotensi dan memiliki peluang untuk dididik. Pendidikan itu sendiri, pada dasarnya adalah aktivitas sadar berupa bimbingan bagi penumbuh-kembangan potensi Ilahiyat, agar manusia dapat memerankan dirinya selaku pengabdi Allah secara tepat guna dalam kadar yang optimal. Dengan demikian pendidikan merupakan aktivitas yang bertahap, terprogram, dan berkesinambungan (Rodi Hartono, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahmad Tafsir (2006), di dalam bukunya yang berjudul Filsafat Ilmu menegaskan bahwa semakin bertambahnya umur manusia, maka semakin banyak pengetahuannya. Dilihat dari segi motif, pengetahuan itu diperoleh melalui dua cara. <i>Pertama,</i> pengetahuan yang diperoleh begitu saja tanpa niat, tanpa motif, tanpa keingintahuan dan tanpa usaha. <i>Kedua, </i>pengetahuan yang didasari motif ingin tahu. Pengetahuan diperoleh karena diusahakan, biasanya karena belajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbekal dari beberapa kutipan tentang hakikat manusia dan pendidikan di atas, makalah ini disusun dalam ruang lingkup kajian tentang manusia dan pendidikan dikaji dalam kajian filosofis dalam rangka merumuskan tafsiran tentang manusia yang berkualitas serta pendidikan, dan pembelajaran yang seperti apa yang tepat untuk menjadikan manusia yang benar-benar menjadi manusia yang berkualitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KAJIAN FILSAFAT TENTANG MANUSIA, PENDIDIKAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hakikat Manusia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membahas masalah hakikat manusia, Zaldy (2008) menjelaskan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ada empat aliran yang dikemukakan yaitu: Aliran serba zat, aliran serba ruh, aliran dualisme, aliran eksistensialisme.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. Aliran Serba Zat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Aliran serba zat ini mengatakan yang sungguh-sungguh ada, itu hanyalah zat materi, alam ini adalah zat atau materi dan manusia adalah unsur dari alam, maka dari itu manusia adalah zat atau materi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Aliran Serba Ruh</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Aliran ini berpendapat bahwa segala hakikat sesuatu yang ada didunia ini ialah ruh, juga hakekat manusia adalah ruh, adapun zat itu adalah manifestasi dari pada ruh di atas dunia ini. Fiche mengemukakan bahwa segala sesuatu yang lain (selain ruh) yang rupanya ada dan hidup hanyalah suatu jenis perumpamaan, pe</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ubahan atau penjelmaan dari ruh (<i>Gazalba</i>, 1992: 288). Dasar pikiran aliran ini ialah bahwa ruh itu lebih berharga, lebih tinggi nilainya daripada meteri. Hal ini mereka buktikan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, yang mana betapapun kita mencintai seseorang jika ruhnya pisah dengan badannya, maka materi/jasadnya tidak ada artinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dengan demikian aliran ini menganggap ruh itu ialah hakikat, sedangkan badan ialah penjelmaan atau bayangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3. Aliran Dualisme</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Aliran ini menggangap bahwa manusia itu pada hakekatnya terdiri dari dua subtansi, yaitu jasmani dan rohani. Keduanya subtansi ini masing-masing merupakan unsur asal, yang adanya tidak tergantung satu sama lain. Jadi badan tidak ber</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sal dari ruh dan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ruh </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">tidak ber</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sal dari badan. Perwujudannya manusia tidak serba dua, jasad dan ruh. Antara badan dan ruh terjadi sebab akibat yang mana keduanya saling mempengaruhi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4. Aliran Eksistensialisme</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Aliran filsafat modern berpikir tentang hakikat manusia merupakan eksistensi atau perwujudan sesungguhnya dari manusia. Jadi intinya hakikat manusia itu, yaitu apa yang menguasai manusia secara menyeluruh. Di sini manusia dipandang tidak dari sudut serba zat atau serba ruh atau dualisme dari dua aliran itu, tetapi memandangnya dari segi eksistensi itu sendiri didunia ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selaras dengan pernyataan Ari Ginanjar Agustian yang menyatakan bahwa hati nurani akan menjadi pembimbing terhadap apa yang harus ditempuh dan apa yang harus diperbuat, maka aliran eksistensialisme yang memandang manusia sebagai satu kesatuan yang menyeluruh antara jasmaniah dan rohaniah, memberikan pemahaman kepada kita bahwa memang unsur rohaniah pada manusia itu jauh lebih penting daripada unsur jasmaniah. Ari Ginanjar juga memandang manusia yang berkualitas adalah manusia yang sukses dalam membangun kecerdasan Intelektual Quotient, Emosional Quotient dan Spiritual Quotient. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudian didukung dengan pendapat dari Sukidi bahwa manusia yang berkualitas adalah manusia yang menonjol dalam tiga tingkat kecerdasan, yaitu kecerdasan intelektual (IQ), kecerdasan emosional (EQ) dan kecerdasan spiritual (SQ), penulis ingin mengemukakan bahwa didalam mewujudkan cita-cita manusia yaitu menjadi manusia yang berkualitas dalam segala hal, hendaklah manusia itu mengenal dirinya secara benar. Dengan mengenal diri yang sebenarnya, maka manusia itu akan dapat mengarahkan diri dan memimpin dirinya menuju kehidupan yang bahagia di dunia dan akhirat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam membangun kecerdasan Emosional dan Spiritual, maka menurut Ari Ginanjar Agustian ada tujuh prinsip dasar yang akan melekat pada diri pribadi manusia yaitu: <i>Jujur, Tanggung jawab, Visioner, Disiplin, Kerjasama, Adil dan Peduli.</i> Dengan tujuh prinsip dasar yang dibangun dengan dasar kecerdasan emosional dan spiritual ini manusia secara sadar maupun tidak sadar akan menjadi pribadi yang berkualitas baik sebagai makhluk ciptaan Tuhan maupun sebagai makhluk social. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketujuh prinsip dasar Emosional dan Spiritual Quotient (ESQ) bersumber dari dalam diri tepatnya berasal dari suara hati nurani yang mana suara hati nurani itu sendiri bersumber dari Nur Ilahi. Karena manusia yang telah mengenal dirinya, maka ia akan mengenal Tuhannya. Dan manakala ia mengenal terhadap Tuhannya, maka ia sendiri tidak dapat mengenali dirinya sendiri. Karena segala sikap dan perilakunya merupakan tajalli dari sifat-sifat ketuhanan yang melekat pada dirinya. Dengan melekatnya sifat-sifat ketuhanan ini maka manusia itu akan menjadi manusia yang sempurna dan berkualitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MANUSIA DAN PENDIDIKAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan antara manusia dengan pendidikan diawali dari pertanyaan: "apakah manusia dapat dididik?. Ataukah manusia dapat bertumbuh dan berkembang sendiri menjadi dewasa tanpa perlu dididik? Kedua pertanyaan itu sejak lama telah menjadi bahan kajian para ahli didik barat, yaitu sejak zaman Yunani kuno. Pendapat yang umumnya dikenal dalam pendidikan Barat mengenai mungkin tidaknya manusia dididik terangkum dalam tiga aliran filsafat pendidikan. Aliran-aliran tersebut adalah nativisme, empirisme, dan kovergensi. Menurut nativisme, manusia tidak perlu dididik, sebab perkembangan manusia sepenuhnya oleh bakat yang secara alami sudah ada pada dirinya. Sedangkan menurut penganut empirisme adalah sebaliknya, perkembangan dan pertumbuhan manusia sepenuhnya ditentukan oleh lingkungannya. Dengan demikian aliran ini memandang pendidikan berperan penting dan sangat menentukan arah perkembangan manusia (Jalaluddin dan Ali Ahmad Zen, 1996).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demikian pentingnya pendidikan bagi perkembangan manusia secara utuh, maka hal yang sangat wajar jika manusia sibuk memikirkan pola pendidikan yang seperti apa yang tepat dan serasi untuk mewujudkan pribadi manusia yang berkualitas. Karena memang manusia perlu dididik dan dituntun dalam menjalani hidup yang serba dinamis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aliran konvergensi merupakan aliran yang menanggap bahwa manusia memiliki kemampuan dalam dirinya (bakat/potensi), tetapi potensi itu hanya dapat berkembang jika ada pengarahan pembinaan serta bimbingan dari luar (lingkungan). Harus ada perpaduan antara faktor dasar (potensi dan bakat) dan ajar (bimbingan). Perkembangan seorang manusia tidak hanya ditentukan oleh kemampuan potensi/ bakat yang dibawanya. Tanpa ada intervensi dari luar (lingkungan) bakat/ potensi seseorang tak mungkin berkembang dengan baik. Lebih jauh Kohnstamm menambahnya dengan kemauan. Dengan demikian menurutnya, kemampuan seseorang akan berjalan dengan baik dan dapat dikembangkan secara maksimal, apabila ada perpaduan antara faktor dasar (potensi), faktor ajar (bimbingan) serta kesadaran dari individu itu sendiri untuk mengembangkan dirinya. Jadi disamping faktor potensi bawaan dan bimbingan dari lingkungan, untuk mengembangkan diri, seseorang perlu didorong oleh motivasi intrinsik (dorongan dari dalam dirinya). Ketiga aliran filsafat pendidikan barat ini menampilkan dua pandangan yang berbeda tentang hubungan manusia dan pendidikan. Pertama berpandangan pesimis (nativisme), sedangkan aliran kedua memiliki pandangan yang optimis (empirisme dan konvergensi). Tetapi tampaknya dalam perkembangan berikutnya pandangan yang kedua (optimisme) lebih dominan. Manusia memang hampir tak mungkin dapat berkembang secara maksimal tanpa intervensi pihak luar, dan oleh sebab itu manusia memerlukan pendidikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kembali menyadari bahwa sumber kekuatan manusia adalah berasal dari dalam hati nurani yang bersumber dari Tuhan, maka pendidikan yang diterapkan hendaklah berprinsip pada prinsip ketuhanan. Dalam hal ini penulis membatasi prinsip tersebut dalam tujuh prinsip dasar ESQ. Dengan demikian tidak ada praktek pendidikan yang menyalahi kaidah, aturan dan norma yang ada bahkan akan menghasilkan produk yang sesuai dengan apa yang dicita-citakan yaitu menjadi manusia yang berkualitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maka tujuh prinsip tersebut adalah <i>Jujur, Tanggung jawab, Visioner, Disiplin, Kerjasama, Adil dan Peduli. </i>Maksudnya adalah praktek pendidikan yang harus diterapkan adalah pendidikan yang mengandung nilai-nilai kejujuran, tanggung jawab, visioner, disiplin, kerjasama, adil dan peduli sehingga dapat menghasilkan output yang baik pula yaitu manusia yang memiliki sifat jujur, bertanggung jawab, berpandangan visioner, memiliki disiplin tinggi, mampu bekerjasama, berprilaku adil dan peduli terhadap apa yang ada disekelilingnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan harus diselenggarakan secara jujur dengan tidak ada kecurangan. Fakta memberikan gambaran kepada kita betapa pendidikan itu sering dinodai dengan kecurangan, misalnya adanya praktek korupsi dalam dunia pendidikan. Praktek pendidikan yang seperti ini harus dihapuskan dan diganti dengan praktek pendidikan yang jujur.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya tanggung jawab dalam dunia pendidikan juga memberikan pengaruh yang sangat besar terhadap keberhasilan pendidikan itu sendiri. Tidak adanya tanggung jawab misalnya kurangnya rasa tanggung jawab dari pelaku penyelenggara pendidikan, akan menghambat suksesnya pendidikan di Negara kita, maka mari tingkatkan tenggung jawab dalam mengemban tugas pendidikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan juga hendaknya berorientasi kemasa depan, agar tujuan pendidikan itu dapat tercapai dengan terarah. Tidak adanya sikap visioner dalam dunia pendidikan, maka arah dan tujuan pendidikan tidak jelas dan produk yang dihasilkan juga tidak jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan harus diselenggarakan dengan disilin. Tanpa disiplin yang tinggi maka pendidikan akan tidak memiliki wibawa dan akhirnya tidak memberikan hasil yang maksimal. Selain itu pendidikan hendaknya diselenggarakan dengan semangat kerjasama agar tercapai tujuan pendidikan yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan bersama.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adil dan peduli juga menjadi sikap yang harus diemban bagi penyelenggara pendidikan. Manakala adil tidak lagi diutamakan, maka pendidikan tidak merata. Demikian juga kepedulian terhadap pendidikan akan memberikan pengaruh terhadap keberhasilan pendidikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia dan Pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ahmad Tafsir (2006), di dalam bukunya yang berjudul Filsafat Ilmu menegaskan bahwa semakin bertambahnya umur manusia, maka semakin banyak pengetahuannya. Dilihat dari segi motif, pengetahuan itu diperoleh melalui dua cara. <i>Pertama,</i> pengetahuan yang diperoleh begitu saja tanpa niat, tanpa motif, tanpa keingintahuan dan tanpa usaha. <i>Kedua, </i>pengetahuan yang didasari motif ingin tahu. Pengetahuan diperoleh karena diusahakan, biasanya karena belajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada mulanya manusia terdorong untuk sekedar mengetahui segala sesuatu secara umum. Pada taraf ini manusia merasa puas dengan pencapaian umum deskriptif. Selanjutnya atas dorongan ingin tahu secara lebih memuaskan, kegiatan penyelidikan sampai pada pengetahuan khusus, konkret dan rinci. Dari pengetahuan demikian manusia mendapat kepastian hipotetik tentang hakikat keberadaan segala sesuatu. Pengetahuan inilah tang kemudian mendorong kreativitas manusia untuk merumuskan teknologi dengan kemampuan reproduksi tinggi yang bermanfaat bagi kelangsungan hidup dan kehidupan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dalam mengimplementasikan pendidikan yang memuat tujuh prinsip dasar ESQ seperti yang dikemukakan di atas, maka manusia harus menjalani proses pembelajaran yang juga mengandung nilai-nilai tersebut, yaitu pembelajaran yang <i>Jujur, Tanggung jawab, Visioner, Disiplin, Kerjasama, Adil dan Peduli. </i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat berpandangan bahwa hakikat manusia ialah manusia itu merupakan berkaitan antara badan dan ruh. Hakikat pada manusia adalah ruh sedangkan jasadnya hanyalah alat yang dipergunakan oleh ruh saja, tanpa kedua subtansi tersebut tidak dapat dikatakan manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia Yang berkualitas adalah m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">anusia yang mampu memaknai hakikat dirinya sebagai makhlu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">k yang memiliki dua unsur yaitu unsur jasmani dan unsur rohani dengan memaksimalkan ketiga tingkat kecerdasan IQ, EQ dan SQ dalam menjalani kehidupan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Ada tujuh prinsip dasar ESQ yang harus dikembangkan dalam merumuskan manusia yang berkualitas dan memaknai pendidikan dan pembelajaran, yaitu </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jujur, Tanggung jawab, Visioner, Disiplin, Kerjasama, Adil dan Peduli.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia adalah sentral dari setiap aktivitas, sehingga persoalan-persoalan yang mungkin muncul merupakan persoalan yang menyangkut kepentingan manusia. Dalam menyikapi dan mengatasi persoalan tersebut, sebagai manusia harus dapat menyelesaikannya dengan arif dan bijaksana. Maka langkah yang harus ditempuh adalah dengan meningkatkan mutu sebagai manusia. Cara yang tepat adalah melalui pengembangan <i>Kejujuran, Tanggung jawab, Visioner, Disiplin, Kerjasama, Adil dan Peduli.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah yang ditempuh untuk dapat merumuskan teknologi adalah dengan melalui pembelajaran. Tentu saja dalam hal ini adalah pembelajaran yang mengandung nilai-nilai <i>Kejujuran, Tanggung jawab, Visioner, Disiplin, Kerjasama, Adil dan Peduli.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">DAFTAR BACAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agustian, A. G. (200). <i>Emotional Spiritual Quotient</i>. Penerbit Arga: 2000<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gazalba, S. (1990). <i>Pengantar Kebudayaan Sebagai Ilmu, </i>Kanisius:<i> </i>Yogyakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hartono, Rodi. (2009). <i>Hakikat Manusia dalam Praktek Pendidikan</i>. STAIN Kerinci: Jambi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jalaluddin. (2003). <i>Teologi Pendidikan.</i> Rajagrafindo Persada: Jakarta.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Lubis, Nur Ahmad Fadhil. (2001). <i>Pengantar Filsafat Umum</i>. IAIN Press : Medan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Mudyahardjo, Redja. (2001). <i>Filsafat Ilmu Pendidikan</i>. PT. Remaja Rosda Karya: Bandung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Suhartono, Suparlan. (2005). <i>Filsafat Ilmu Pengetahuan.</i> Penerbit : Ar-Ruzz Media : Jogjakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Sukidi. (2004). <i>Kecerdasan Spiritual, Mengapa SQ lebih penting dari IQ dan EQ. </i>Penerbit : PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama : Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Suriasumantri, Jujun. ( 1982). <i>Filsafat Ilmu Sebuah Pengantar Populer</i>. Pustaka Sinar Harapan : Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Syam, Mohammad Nur. (1986). <i>Filsafat Pendidikan dan Dasar Filsafat Pendidikan Pancasila.</i> Penerbit Usaha Nasional : Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Tafsir, Ahmad. (2006). <i>Filsafat Ilmu, Mengurai Ontologi, Epistemology, dan Aksiologi Pengetahuan.</i> PT. Remaja Rosda Karya : Bandung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
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</div>Blog Risma Watihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11530301420102502680noreply@blogger.com0